Experimental Design and Field Methods

1. Research design – Emphasis on the choice and application of sampling designs and sampling techniques as a logical sequence to the techniques mastered in the prerequisite courses (Introduction to Statistics and Ecology).

a) Formulation of objectives and hypotheses

i) Objectives vs. questions vs. hypotheses vs. predictions

ii) Null and alternate hypotheses

iii) Experimental manipulation vs. natural variation

iv) Field vs. lab setups

v) Effective observation and note-taking

b) Replication and sampling

i) Sample size and statistical power

ii) Replication and pseudoreplication

c) Experimental design

i) Controls

ii) Factors

iii) Randomization

iv) Blocking and covariates

v) Within vs. between subject designs

d) Ecological field and laboratory methods – their applications, uses and restrictions

i) Topics may include, but are not limited to: quadrat and transect sampling, mark-recapture, soil sampling, water sampling and ecological modeling (simulation vs. analytical)

e) Measurement

i) Accuracy and reliability

ii) Variability inherent in data collection – tools, within observers and between observers

iii) Sensitivity, specificity and calibration of tools

f) Data analysis – specifically, the value of considering statistical methods a priori

i) Univariate methods

ii) Multivariate methods

iii) Modeling

iv) Sources of uncontrolled variability (covariates)

2. Research proposal – Students will work in small groups (3-4 students) and with instructor(s) to develop a research proposal.  The proposal will clearly define a problem relevant to the field of environmental science, develop hypotheses, justified methods and sampling techniques, and propose statistical data analyses and a time schedule to address this problem.  The proposed research will be restricted by available materials, tools, laboratory space and the time available within a single semester.

3. Research implementation – Student groups will carry out their proposed research. This will include the application of research methods, logistical organisation, solving problems in the laboratory or field, and data collection. Instructors will back-up, advise, and monitor research progress.

4. Data analysis and interpretation – Students will analyse and interpret the data gathered in their research projects, using appropriate (univariate and/or multivariate) statistical methods and software such as SPSS, R, or Excel.

5. Dissemination of research findings – Students will present a written report and an oral report or poster during an end-of-year session.  Reports and oral presentations/posters will be evaluated with an emphasis on the choice and application of field methods and statistical techniques for hypothesis testing, and on the quality of the presentation of the research findings.