Environmental Ethics

1. The Nature of Ethics
   
   • includes the relation between ethics and morality, and morality and law. A simple introduction to the basic types of theories: such as consequentialism (e.g. utilitarianism), deontological theories (e.g. Kantian ethics), virtue ethics (e.g. Aristotelian ethics), natural law theory, social contract theories, and rights theories. (The development of ethical frameworks for the resolution of moral issues concerning the environment may be developed in greater depth in #4).
2. The Value of the Environment
   
   • as it pertains to existing people, future generations, and non-human animals. A consideration of the duties we may have to such individuals and the implications such duties would have for our treatment of the environment. This may include a consideration of the moral foundations for such duties, of the question of whether people have a right to a livable environment, and of the question of whether animals are merely or mainly an environmental resource to be used by human beings. It will not involve an in-depth discussion of the animals’ rights issue per se, as this is generally a component of another course (Philosophy 1102).
3. Value in Natural Objects in the Broader Environment
   
   • generally land, trees, species, wilderness, ecosystems, and the biosphere. This would involve a consideration of their moral and possible legal status, and of specific viewpoints on their value, emphasizing the reasoning for why they may or may not have value and which of them deserve respect. This may include such topics as the development of cultural awareness about their importance, deep ecology, the idea of nature as a kind of artifact, and other perspectives.
4. Foundations for an Environmental Ethics
   
   • a consideration of the ethical traditions in western thought, their critiques and alternative ethical perspectives including: a consideration of utilitarianism, rights theories, contractarianism, natural law theory, libertarianism, etc.; critiques of western ethics as involving (anthropocentric) moral humanism, human moralism (moral extensionism), moral atomism, reverence-for-life ethics, environmental fascism, and other hierarchical ethical frameworks; land ethics, deep ecology, holism, First Nations perspectives, eco-feminism, etc. and their critiques.
5. Ethical Concerns Pertaining to Economics and Ecology
   
   • a consideration of the extent to which market mechanisms suffice for regulating the environment and the extent to which there are legitimate environmental concerns for interfering with the free market; and an ethical consideration of the cost-benefit analysis approach to economic activity. This may also include a discussion of our duties to limit consumption and economic growth in order to protect the environment, and of duties of social justice, such as how our duties to people and countries less well-off weigh against our duties to the environment.
6. Ends and Means
   
   • a consideration of the notion of ecological citizenship, such as which ends are most important to focus individual and societal resources, and the appropriate means for achieving these ends responsibly. This may also include a consideration of the morality of deception, violence, civil disobedience, and participation in public policy discussions, etc. to attain environmental goals. Additional considerations may include the type of socio-economic system we should advocate (e.g., bio-regionalism) and the type of individual life-style we should adopt.
7. A Consideration of the Ethical Dimensions
   
   • of one or two specific environmental problems in the Lower Mainland, the Province, or the world, e.g., pesticides and chemical pollution, protection of fish resources, nuclear energy and radioactive pollution, fracking, population and economic growth, climate change, etc. (Rather than focusing on one or two problems directly, some course sections may discuss a variety of problems through the other content areas.)
8. A Consideration of Urban Philosophy and Ecology of the City
   
   • to address what makes a city a good (“virtuous”) city and how to build and maintain sustainable cities. Since cities are built environments located within natural environments, considerations to be addressed may include: a concern for the type, amount, and provision of water and power, transportation; the protection of public and private spaces; and food choice (e.g., Locovore).

All eight of these general areas will be covered, but some items covered may be emphasized more heavily than others.